Advantages and disadvantages of traditional surgical training
Traditional practical skills training methods include simulation labs and clinical experience (Table 4.). During simulations, trainees practice on mannequins, cadavers, or low-fidelity models. While these methods provide valuable hands-on experience, they often lack the realism of actual surgical environments, can be costly, may not cover all surgical scenarios or complications that trainees might encounter in real-life situations, can vary based on the trainee’s motivation and engagement level, which may affect learning outcomes.
Once the minimum skills are acquired, training transitions to clinical practice, where trainees participate in clinical rotations, observing and assisting in surgeries. During clinical practice trainees gain exposure to actual surgical procedures, allowing them to understand the complexities and dynamics of the operating room. It enables trainees to apply theoretical knowledge in practical situations, reinforcing their learning and enhancing retention develop essential skills such as decision-making, teamwork, and communication, which are vital for successful surgical practice.
Clinical rotations provide exposure to a wide variety of cases and patient conditions, broadening trainees’ understanding and experience. Clinical practice fosters networking opportunities with mentors and peers, which can be beneficial for future career development.
In short, acquiring practical skills in clinical practice, including operative techniques, and also non-technical skills such as behavior, communication, professionalism, decision-making, forward planning, self-direction, situation awareness, and patient safety is essential for a successful independent career post-graduation [1]. Considering all the advantages and disadvantages of traditional training, there is space for VR training, which effectively combines both practical skills and theoretical learning.
Table 4. Advantages and disadvantages of traditional surgical training.
| Methods | Description | Advantages | Disadvantages |
| Simulation labs | Hands-on practice using mannequins, low-fidelity models, cadavers | Safe learning environment. Repeated practice of specific skills. Standardization of training. Enhanced confidence. Convenient accessibility. | Lack of realism. Resource intensive. Limited cover of all surgical scenarios or complications. Dependent on trainee’s motivation and engagement level. |
| Clinical practice | Includes rotations across various surgical specialties, observation and assistance | Real-world experience. Application of knowledge. Development of critical skills. Exposure to diverse cases. Building professional relationships. | High pressure and stress. Limited opportunities on patient availability, institutional policies, and the complexity of cases. Variability in training quality. Risk of burnout. Potential for mistakes. Balancing responsibilities. |
Sources:
[1] Sanfey H. Assessment of surgical training. Surgeon. 2014 Dec;12(6):350-6. doi: 10.1016/j.surge.2014.07.001. Epub 2014 Jul 31. PMID: 25087505